Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) was discovered more than a century ago by Sir Arthur Harden as a low molecular weight substance present in a boiled yeast extract, which could stimulate fermentation and alcohol production in vitro. Subsequent studies over the next several decades determined that the structure of NAD comprised two covalently joined mononucleotides (nicotinamide mononucleotide or NMN, and AMP), and identified the keystone function of NAD+ and NADH as enzyme cofactors mediating hydrogen transfer in oxidative or reductive metabolic reactions.From single-cell organisms like bacteria to sophisticated multicellular ones like primates, NAD is one of the most abundant and crucial molecules. Basically, without NAD, we would be on the fast track to death. The molecule is a linchpin to the function of the generators of cells, mitochondria. NAD+ not only helps convert food to energy but also plays a crucial role in maintaining DNA integrity and ensures proper cellular function to protect our bodies from aging and disease.
 
NAD works as a shuttle bus, transferring electrons from one molecule to another within cells to carry out all sorts of reactions and processes. With its molecular counterpart, NADH, this vital molecule participates in various metabolic reactions that generate our cell’s energy. Without sufficient NAD levels, our cells wouldn’t be able to generate any energy to survive and carry out their functions. Other functions of NAD include regulating our circadian rhythm, which controls our body’s sleep/wake cycle.